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Purpose: Today, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) treatment is an evolving process, and synbiotic administration has been suggested as a new therapeutic strategy. This study aims to investigate the effect of synbiotic supplementation in COVID-19 patients. Design/methodology/approach: In this placebo-controlled trial, 80 patients were randomized to receive oral synbiotic capsule (containing fructooligosaccharide and seven bacterial strains;Lactobacillus (L) casei, L. rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, L. bulgaricus, each one 109 colony-forming units) or placebo for two months. Inflammatory markers (Interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]) and white blood cell (WBC) count were evaluated at two timepoints (baseline, two months later). The measured variables were adjusted for confounders and analyzed by SPSS v21.0. Findings: All 80 enrolled patients completed the study. The study adherence was good (approximately 70%). The mean changes for IL-6 were not significant ( = -0.6 +or- 10.4 pg/mL vs = +11.2 +or- 50.3 pg/mL, p > 0.05). There were no significant improvements for CRP, ESR and WBC. Originality/value: Administration of synbiotics for two months did not improve inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients.
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Background and Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuro-developmental disorder which is mostly caused by deficits in social interactions. Lack of physical activity and poor nutritional habits are common problems in these patients which may be exaggerated by the Covid-19 pandemic. The study aims to assess the effect of functional training along with online nutrition education on inflammatory biomarkers in children with ASD. Subjects and Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 80 children with ASD (age=9.73+or-1.29 years, weight=49.94+or-2.08 kg, height=146.08+or-40 cm, body mass index=24.71 +or-1.48 kg/m2) were randomly divided into four groups of training, education, training+ education, and control. The interventions lasted for 8 weeks. The inflammatory biomarkers including white blood cell (WBC) count, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, neutrophil count, eosinophil count, and basophil count were assessed (using blood samples collected from antecubital vein) before and after the interventions. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups before the interventions (P>0.05). After the intervention, the results showed a significant decrease in WBC (P<0.001), CRP (P=0.001), neutrophils (sig.=0.009), and eosinophil (P=0.003) in all groups. Basophil count decreased in all groups (P=0.01) except in the education group. Conclusion: Functional training and online nutrition education are beneficial interventions for management of inflammatory biomarkers in children with ASD which can be used during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Introduction: the daily increase in cases and deaths, the economic losses in the millions suffered by affected nations and the consequent strain on the human resources involved in reversing this situation have made the COVID-19 pandemic an unprecedented international challenge. Background: to describe the orchestrated immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: an up-to-date bibliometric study was conducted on the type of articles stated in the objective, using a total of 30 bibliographies. Documentary review and analysis-synthesis methods were used to prepare the final report. Resources available on the Infomed network were used to select the information, specifically: PubMed and SciELO, through the databases: Medline, Search Premier and Scopus. Development: the core elements in the immunopathology of COVID-19 involve innate immunity, with the sustained increase of pro-inflammatory interleukins associated with failures in the interferon system, which can trigger a potentially fatal cytokine storm. In terms of elements linked to adaptive immunity, there is evidence of marked lymphopenia which, depending on the degree, may indicate the severity of the disease. Conclusions: understanding the orchestrated immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection and its temporal sequence allows us to choose timely and effective therapies, specifically when selecting anti-inflammatory drugs and the time of their application, as it is difficult to determine when they will be clearly beneficial, that they do not impair the response and that it is not too late, given the irreversibility of the process.
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Background: COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. It is necessary to study lung tissue of postmortem COVID19 patients to determine the molecular alteration particularly the role of IL-6 and IL-17 in causing fatality. Background: This study aims to determine the differences in the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This study also aimed to analyze the correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with crosssectional approach. The samples were 15 paraffin blocks of post-mortem lung tissue biopsy of COVID-19 patients, and 15 paraffin blocks of inflammatory lung tissue biopsy or surgery of non-COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and IL-17 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. Result: There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with a p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-17 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in the COVID-19 group, with the Spearman coefficient value (rs) of 0.548 with p = 0.034 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the expression of IL-6 and IL-17 between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 lung tissue. There is a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in post-mortem lung tissue of COVID-19 patients.
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OBJECTIVES: To compare the values of the hematological and inflammatory markers in 1st and 4th waves to predict the outcome of COVID-19 in a hospital-based study. METHODOLOGY: This comparative study was conducted in the Department of Hematology, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, from April 2020 to 20 August 2021. Tests of significance (Independent t-test/Mann Whitney U test) and Chi-square test were used. Relevant information was recorded on a pre-designed proforma prepared following the study's objectives. RESULTS: A total of 178 patients, 71 from (the 1st wave) and 107 from (the 4th wave) with known outcomes, were studied. A statistically significant difference exists between the groups (1st vs 4th wave) regarding hematological markers;neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (p=0.02), Absolute Neutrophilic count (ANC) (p=0.01) and platelet count (p=0.001). Similarly, significantly higher inflammatory markers values were recorded in the 1st wave compared with the 4th wave regarding inflammatory markers;CRP (p=0.002) and D-dimer (p=0.001). During the 1st wave, Total Leukocyte Count (TLC), ANC and d-dimer were the leading prognostic indicators to predict mortality/worst outcome in COVID-19 with an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.74, 0.70 and 0.7 on receiver operating characteristics (ROC) respectively. In 4th, the Area under the curve (AUC) of d-dimer was 0.84 to predict mortality. CONCLUSION: TLC, ANC, NLR, and low platelet count were the worst hematological markers in COVID-19 in the first wave, while d-dimer and CRP were the primary prognostic inflammatory markers. Unlikely in the 4th wave, the prognostic values of hematological markers were merely significant. The d-dimer values in both the waves proved to be reliable for predicting the severity and mortality of COVID-19.
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Background and purpose: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in a worldwide emergency. Various studies show conflicting and diverse results on the role of inflammatory cytokines in predicting the severity and prognosis in patients with COVID-19. The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in predicting the severity of COVID-19 and prognosis in patients admitted to Qaemshahr Razi Hospital. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional prospective study, the serum levels of interleukin 8 and 6 were measured in 51 patients with COVID-19 and compared with 25 healthy individuals in Qaemshahr Razi Hospital, 2021. ELISA method was used to measure these cytokines and data analysis was performed in SPSS V25. Results: The serum levels of IL6 and IL8 in the patient group were about 4 times and 6 times higher than those of the control group, respectively. Average levels of IL-6 (P=0.004) and IL-8 (P<0.001) were significantly higher in patients with severe COVID-19 compared to moderate form and control group. There was no correlation between the duration of hospitalization and the level of IL-6 (P=0.1), while there was a significant correlation between the length of hospital stay and the level of IL-8 (P=0.012). Conclusion: IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels in patients with COVID-19 can be helpful in predicting the severity of disease and prognosis of patients.
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Objective: To observe early laboratory indicators in peripheral blood of patients infected with SARSCoV- 2 Delta variant and the protective effects of COVID-19 vaccine on patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, in order to provide reference for epidemic prevention and control. Methods: Twenty-five Chengdu local confirmed nonsevere COVID-19 patients over 18 years old who were infected with COVID-19 caused by Delta variant in November 2021 were included as the research group, 22 cases of whom were vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine before infection, and 3(2 cases over 80 years old)were unvaccinated. In addition, 71 non-severe COVID-19 patients at the age of over 18 years diagnosed in Chengdu from January 2020 to February 2020 were included as the control group. Peripheral blood was collected for laboratory examination in all cases on the first or second days after admission, and peripheral blood was collected for laboratory examination again in patients on day 4 to 8 after admission in the research group. Laboratory indicators included the blood routine, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, liver function, myocardial enzyme profile, coagulation routine, T lymphocyte subsets, SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody, and total antibody, etc. The first peripheral blood laboratory test results: of the two groups were compared to observe the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccine on patients infected with SARS-CoV- 2 Delta variant. Results Among the first time of laboratory indicators after admission, the lymphocyte count, lactate dehydrogenase, and D-dimer in the research group were all lower than those in the control group(all P < 0.05), and the procalcitonin and aspartate aminotransferase were higher than those in the control group(all P < 0.05). Among the 22 cases who had gotten vaccine before infection in the research group, there were 5 cases with positive result of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in the first time of peripheral blood, 22 cases with positive result of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in the second time of peripheral blood, and none of them became severe cases. During 3 unvaccinated cases, twice of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody were both negative among the 2 cases over 80 years who had not vaccinated in the research group, then they became severe cases on day 6-8 during hospitalization, and the rest one had negative result of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in the second time of peripheral blood. Among the 22 vaccinated cases in the research group, the lymphocyte count, CD4+T cell count, CD8+T cell count, SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in the second time peripheral blood were all higher than those in the first time of peripheral blood(all P < 0.05), and platelet count, hemoglobin, total protein, creatine kinase were all lower than those in the first time of peripheral blood(all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Lymphocyte count at early admission in COVID-19 patients infected with Delta variant may be lower than that infected with wild strain. COVID-19 vaccine can reduce the risk of infection of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant by preventing the emergence of inflammatory storms and producing a large number of specific antibodies.
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Objective: This study aims to determine the prognostic values of biomarkers obtained from complete blood count in the diagnosis of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) patients who came to the pediatric emergency department of Diyarbakir Pediatric Hospital. Material and Methods: A total of 190 child patients with COVID-19 with definite diagnosis and 41 healthy children as a control group were included in this study. The lymphocyte count, platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) obtained from the patients' complete blood count were evaluated.
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Objectives: COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 6 million people globally. Most of the affected patients presents with fever, cough, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and dyspnea. Molecular testing by PCR is gold standard test to diagnose COVID-19 infection but if unavailable, hematological profile of COVID-19 patients is a good prognostic marker for COVID-19 disease. The aim of our review is to summarize the recently available literature regarding hematological alterations in COVID-19 patients along with their trend in the disease course and their prognostic implications in terms of severe disease. Design(s): Systematic review. Method(s): Literature published between 2020 to 2022 on Google Scholar was included in our review by following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were shortlisted on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result(s): Total 139 articles were initially identified. After removal of duplicates and screening on basis of present exclusion and inclusion criteria 17 articles were found. Out of these 17 articles, there were 10 retrospective studies, 3 prospective studies, 2 case control studies and 2 cross sectional studies. Conclusion(s): Hematological markers predicts the outcome of COVID in patients irrespective of their age, gender and co-morbidities. There is a positive relationship between disease severity and blood count of neutrophils, leukocytes, NLR, MDW, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytopenia, IL-6 and CRP. Copyright © 2022, Bahrain Medical Bulletin. All rights reserved.
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The exceptional conditions sweeping the world due to the Corona virus epidemic have prompted researchers to race to study each of the symptoms, phenomena and relevant clinical biochemical parameters to provide science and scientists with valuable information to achieve victory over the virus. The aim of this investigation is to study the early inflammatory features caused by the immune system before a cell storm occurs in Iraqi Corona patients. The investigation was conducted at Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, during the period from January 2021 until the end of March 2021. Our team obtained five milliliters of venous blood from 50 participants newly diagnosed with the Coronavirus (24 males and 26 females). Their ages ranged between (25-55) years compared to 38 individuals (18 males and 20 females). Corona virus patients had statistically significant higher (P<0.01) with Low density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C), urea, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and (P<0.001) with D-dimer when they were compared with control group. There was a significant increase in the value of Interleukin-6(IL-6) in people infected with the virus compared to the reviewers whose swab results showed that they were not infected with the virus. For both interferon-? (IFN) and Tumor necrosis factor -a (TNF- a), the data showed a significant decrease in morale of reviewers diagnosed with acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19) against their non-infected peers. These data indicate that early intervention for IFN antiviral infection could be fundamental in inhibiting fibrosis to improve functional recovery. Any source of cytokine control, such as interferon-? and Tumor necrosis factor -a combined with combination therapies for clinical treatment, will be important in the future for COVID-19 infection.
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Relevance. The outbreak of COVID-19 began in late 2019 in Hubei Province, China. Already in the first quarter of 2020, the disease spread around the world. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared a COVID-19 pandemic. The first cases of the disease in Kazakhstan were registered in March 2020. The aim of the study: a systematic search for scientific information about the socially significant disease COVID-19 and its immunopathogenetic basis for the severity of the course. Search strategy: Research publications were searched in PubMed, ResearchGate, GoogleScholar databases. A total of 325 references were found, of which 89 were selected for analysis.
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Objective: To investigate the effect of the systemic immune-inflammation index(SII) on the conversion time of virus nucleic acid turning negative in patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).
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Introduction: The outbreak of Covid-19 has led to a health emergency and economic crisis worldwide. Mortality in productive age further worsens the crisis, so it is important to understand reasons for death in productive age group.
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In its severe form, corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) is characterized by various immunological abnormalities, dominated by massive pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release, such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1b, IFN-y and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), associated with T CD3, T CD4 and T CD8 lymphopenia. These two abnormalities are significantly associated with COVID-19 acute severe respiratory syndrome. Conversely, these markers decrease during the favorable course of the disease. Coupled with other biological parameters such as leukopenia, increased level of CRP (C Reactive Protein), ferritin and D-dimers, high levels of IL-6 with CD4 and CD8 T cell lymphopenia may be considered as criteria of disease severity, justifying a rapid admission to the intensive care unit, and are also useful for patient monitoring.